Summary of Book Chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of Book Chapter - Essay Example Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin led the Black women in the call for a national club movement that articulates their issues in political life. The organizers defined the main function of the club was to voice their concern on the issue of racism. At the convection, the Black mad a declaration that their movement was open to all unlike the white woman society marred with racist issues. According to Ashburn, â€Å"the national women movement has its directorship and leadership by women to benefit both men and women, ensuring the entire society has liberation from racist notions. The national movement requests the active participation of all men in the society. The movement will also request the participation of American women. The national movement will not alienate or withdraw any other group from joining us. We cordially invite likeminded clubs to join in the quest of freedom. Some of the predominant white clubs refused to come to meetings or the demonstrations since they did not have in terest in women studies. The process of intensifying white, Afro American, Asian, Latina, and Native American women must voice the issue of color as one of their prime agendas. Another issue of Afro-American women is the issue of unemployment that can empower them to earn a decent living in the society. The current economic strata classify the Afro American women as the last in employment. The Regan administration has a high unemployment where the issue affects mostly the black people that whites. A large number of the unemployed are Afro-American women that face utter frustration since unemployment insurance has expired. The current administration depicts an impoverished status of the Afro American women that boasts of a high population close to 14 million that face homelessness. The national movement will also discuss the issue of homelessness in one of its core agendas in an enthusiastic way since it relates to daily life experience. In 1987, United Nations makes a

Cooper Industries Case Study Essay Example for Free

Cooper Industries Case Study Essay OVERVIEW: Cooper Industries is a broadly diversified manufacturer of electrical and general industrial products, and energy related machinery and equipment. The company operates in three different business segments with 21 separate profit centers. These segments include electrical and electronic, commercial and industrial, compression, drilling and energy equipment. The product line is consisted of cheap fuses to $3 million compressor tribune sets along with products such as hand tools and light fixtures. The company bid a $21-a-share tender offer to acquire Champion Spark Plug, manufacturer of auto spark plugs, as a counter offer for the Dana Corp. s $17.50-a-share bid. Also, in the mean time, Cooper Industries was considering a $700 million bid for Cameron Iron Works. Even though purchasing either or both companies will give operational and organizational advantages, there were high financial risks involved. Undertaking both acquisitions would result in a 55% to 60% debt to capitalization ratio. ANALYSIS: Cooper Industries acquired more than 60 manufacturing companies over a thirty year span in order to increase the size and the scope of the company. Most of the acquired companies made it possible for Cooper to be independent of the outside environment and giving full control of the manufacturing process concerning their business while avoiding anti-trust allegations. Cooper basically purchased every company that is vital to its energy industry and all the side industries that effect it. From tools to fuses to cables to the drilling equipment was manufactured and distributed by the corporations divisions. Each acquisition is decided from a wish list that was closely examined and studied. At the time of the take over, the Management Development Planning division would implement the corporate strategy in a period of three to five years. This involves diversification and elimination of the products that are poor sellers. In some cases the production plant is relocated and the staff is reorganized for the best efficient set up. In time all these companies are turned into profit centers. RECOMMENDATIONS: One of my first suggestions will be to consider Cameron Iron Works first since all the valves and other natural gas and petroleum products will be more beneficiary. Apparently there is more demand for Camerons products than the Champions. Little adjustments in the production process along with the Cooperization adjustment will have make the company efficient in a short period of time. In contrast, Champion is considered to have 1950s production techniques and only one product line, spark plugs, which will require tremendous changes within the company. The other option may be to purchase both of the companies, regardless of the financial risks involved. By allocating all the departments such as Management Development Planning in the process, Cooper may turn things around. Since the beginning, Coopers way of acquiring companies seem to create success stories in the end. Champion still has brand name recognition in Europe and Asia (personal knowledge) which maybe taken advantage of. Major changes for the American market may take place while the revenues from the overseas sales finance the process. And once the changes are made in here, according to the demand the product line maybe readjusted for those markets. One other option for the Champion acquisition maybe to consider other possible options in the automotive parts industry. There may be other companies requiring less adjustment, and maybe turned into profit centers in less time than Champion. If buying both the companies is not possible at the time, then Cameron seems like a better option giving independence to Cooper in the valve dependence. Utilization of this company seems more of a priority at the time. However Dana may end up buying Champion if Cooper delay the acquisition.

The Psychological Labyrinth in Owl Creek Bridge, Yellow Wallpaper, and

The Psychological Labyrinth in Owl Creek Bridge, Yellow Wallpaper, and Garden of Forking Paths      For millennia, the labyrinth has been used as a sacred tool for spiritual enlightenment.    Sometimes called a "divine imprint" because of its prevalence combined with its unknown origin,    the labyrinth provides a "transcendent experience of connection and clarity" ("What is a Laby-    rinth") through the act of walking the winding paths to its center. Unlike a maze, which has dead    ends and trick turns, the labyrinth has only a single path leading to and from the center; the    principle of the labyrinth is such that a person must traverse every inch of space before reaching    his/her goal. In this way, the labyrinth subverts the logical aspect of the mind (normally dominant)    and enables the individual to enter a state of mental calmness, allowing him or her to experience    the spiritual benefits of a sort of walking meditation.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Probably the most famous historical labyrinth is the one constructed by Daedalus to house    the Minotaur in classical mythology. In that case, according to Ovid, Daedalus "built a house in    which he confused the usual passages and deceived the eye with a conflicting maze of various    wandering paths ("Ariadne's Thread"). There is no mention of a specific shape for this "house,"    but traditionally most such mazes have been made in a circular formation. Another famous laby-    rinth is built into the floor of the cathedral at Chartres; the fact that the same design has been    found on coins minted at Cnossus gives rise to the theory that it may be connected to the laby-    rinth of Daedalus and the Mi... ...Garden of Forking Paths. » The Story and its Writer.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1995. 1391-1392.    Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." The Story and its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1995.531-542.    Green, Edward J. "Labyrinth." www.concentric.net/~Egreen/prof/otherstudies/labyrinth.html.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (accessed 11/21/99).    Irwin, John T. "A Clew to a Clue: Locked Rooms and Labyrinths in Poe and Borges."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MasterFILE Premier database from Raritan, Spring 91, Vol.10 Issue 4. <... /      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   print2.asp?records=CURRENT&pFormNum=PrintCitation&pFulIText=ON&kwic=on&deliv>      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (accessed 11/20/99).    "What is a Labyrinth?". www.mindspring.com/~Iabyrinth/Iabyr2.htm (accessed 11/20/99).      

Lemurs of Madagascar

Lemurs of Madagascar Name: Course: Tutor: Date: Lemurs of Madagascar 1. Madagascar biome is a tropical rain forest. The main characteristic of a tropical rain forest biome is the presence of Warm temperatures throughout the year. In a tropical rain forest biome, there are three layers. These layers include the top trees, followed by the canopy layer characterized by dens leaves hence low light penetration and the third layer are the ground layer. The ground layer lacks any vegetation owing to the low amount of sunlight reaching it due to the dense canopy layer. 2. Changes happening in Madagascar pose challenges to lemurs in the island.The main changes that affect the lemurs include the effects of agricultural activities on the environment. Forestland conversion for agricultural use including the creation of pastureland, cropland, and degradation of the soil due to fire and clearing by humans is the agricultural changes on Madagascar. Soil erosion caused by slash-and-burn farming also forms the other changes in Madagascar that brings forth challenges to lemurs. As a conclusion, high deforestation rate and increased human population and erosion form the main changes that challenge the existence of lemurs in Madagascar. 3.The lemurs that are adapting well with the changes in Madagascar are the ones with the ability to live in an altered habitat. (This is a habitat with secondary characteristics owing to human activities in the island). These include the ring-tailed lemur lemma catta and sifakas, but between the two, the ring-tailed lemma catta is adapting better to changes in the ecosystem. The fossil lemurs’ disappearance in the island was due to inability to adapt well to the changes. The other types of lemurs that have disappeared due to change in the habitat include Palaeopropithecus, Daubentonia robusta, Archaeiindris fontoynonti and Megaladapis edwardsi. . A generalist behavioral type is required of the lemurs in Madagascar to be able to cope with the change s in the island for their adaptation and survival. The species favored in this criterion are sifakas and lemur catta, which are adapting well to the changes. Other behavioral characteristics required include being terrestrial for them to adapt well with the changes as depicted by the lemur catta. Physical characteristics that improve adaptation to the changes include ability to take advantage of changes by feeding on crops, tourist handouts, insects, flowers, and fruits. . Lemurs might not develop to adapt to changes in Madagascar because they lived on trees and the deforestation affects their form of livelihood. The reduction in the soil’s ability to support the vegetation that forms the main food for the lemurs is another reason owing to the high rates of soil erosion and degradation. Similarly, human actions in the highland affect their ability to adapt with the changes hence another reason for the inability to adapt to changes in the habitat. 6. The water cycle is the biochemical cycle that may be altered by activities in Madagascar.An alteration on the water cycle takes the following pattern owing to the activities in mainly deforestation and soil erosion and degradation. Cutting of rain forests results in low moisture transpiration to the atmosphere. The result is a reduction in the cloud cover, diminished precipitation, and lead to drought in the area. The replacement of the forests requires water hence an impossible occurrence when there is drought in the area. Reference â€Å"Lemurs in Madagascar: Surviving on an Island of Change. † Films Media Group, 2006. Films On Demand.

Context and principles for early years provision Essay

1.1 Within a setting practitioners have to follow and refer to all relevant early years framework. This framework is relevant to all children aged 0-5 who attend a playgroup, preschool or a nursery/ reception class at school. The framework clearly sets out all the legal requirements that the practitioners must meet. In section 2 of the framework the legal requirements relating to a child’s learning and development are explained and set out. This section explains the early learning goals, educational programmes and assessment arrangements. Section 3 of the EYFS framework explains the legal requirements regarding a child’s welfare. This section sets out principles and requirements about safeguarding and promoting a child’s welfare, what suitable environment, setting and equipment would consist of and the organisation/ documentation regarding the child and their education. This framework provides guidance for practitioners which allows them access to useful advice and detailed information when supporting a child’s learning, development and welfare. This help them to improve their practice which helps give children a better start to their life in education as the practitioner will understand how to help them move forward with their learning and development yet still be safe and comfortable within the setting. Practitioners would be able to refer to national guidelines such as Ofsted. Guidelines are used by practitioners to help them bring out the best and care for the children in their care. The guidelines such as the EYFS framework set out clear information and cover all aspects of a child’s safety, health, development, welfare and so on. They help to point practitioners to success and efficient practice when working with children. 1.2Â  There are different approaches that can be taken by a practitioner when they are working with children in the early years. There are theories that were carried out by educational pioneers that stood up for what children need. These theories are still referred to and used in practice today. One of the educational pioneers is Maria Montessori and she worked with children who had learning difficulties. She spent a lot of her time observing children. Her theory was that every child is unique, in comparison to adults and other children, and that their individuality must be respected throughout the education process. She believed that if a child was placed in the correct environment they children would ‘normalize’. This means that they will develop into whole, peaceful adults with love of learning. She devised a structured teaching programme based on her observations. By doing this she designed, what she called, didactic materials. These encouraged children to use their hand and help them move onto more complex exercises. Maria thought it was important that children learnt how to work independently when they were young so that they can maintain that skill throughout their lives. Maria Montessori theory is used more in private schools. A way that schools use her theory is by teaching the children to become independent and learn to do things for themselves and by themselves at a young age. They send children home with homework so that they work independently at home away from the teachers or other children’s help and are encouraged to only seek the help of their parents when the y need help to understand the homework. This then helps the practitioner assess the child’s knowledge and helps them become aware of the areas they need more help with. Observations are used within a school regularly to determine what stages a child is at. Practitioners will then evaluate these observations to come up with teaching programmes and ways in which they can promote certain areas of development and learning. The high scope approach encourages children to make their own decisions when it comes to activities within a setting. This helps to encourage independent and active learning getting the children involved when practitioners are planning, carrying out and reviewing activities. The key features of the high scope approach are active learning- children learn best by being involved and being active; personal initiative- children have a desire to learn and develop; consistency- this helps children to become confident, independent learners; Relationships- children need to feel happy, comfortable and secure; Partnership- practitioners need to be able to build a strong relationship which children parents and to achieve and the appropriate curri culum- children need to be guided by a curriculum that suits their development and learning. All of these features are used within a setting every day. My setting follows all the key features of the high scope approach. For example the practitioners are always vibrant, enthusiastic and warming allowing them to build effective relationships with children and their parents. They carry out all sorts of activities and follow a curriculum that promotes all areas of development and learning. They have a range of different toys, materials and resources to help them make fun but educational ways of encouraging a child’s development and learning. This helps a child to blossom and grow the best way they can yet still be excited about continuing their learning. 1.3Â  Every child within a setting has individual needs and between children these needs will vary. A child’s individuality, ideas and feelings need to be valued and respected by practitioners as well as other children. This is an important aspect of developing a personal and individual approach to a child’s learning and development. There are needs that apply to all children within in a setting. Some of these are physical needs such as food, drink and shelter so that they are healthy, warm and safe. They also have psychological needs such as affection, comfort and love as these feelings will allow the children to build stable relationships and friendships. This will help the child develop a personality and will allow them to let their individuality shine and develop and share their own ideas and feelings. Intellectual, stimulation and independence are all needs that need to be full filled by every child. However, children have independent needs. For example, a child that has got a cough may have been to the doctors and been prescribed some medicine to help them recover. This child would then have to rely on the practitioner to remember when they need to take the medicine and how much they need to take. When practitioners are recognising and attempting to meet a child’s needs they have to take into consideration the child’s age, gender, maturity, their emotional development, intellectual abilities, social skills, past experiences and the relationships they have built with others. Practitioners should experiment different activities and ways to full fill children’s needs; this will help them to decide what they enjoy. It will also give them the chance to be imaginative and develop in different areas in several ways.

Benjamin Tucker Tanner

Benjamin Tucker Tanner Overview Benjamin Tucker Tanner  was a prominent figure in the African Methodist Episcopal (AME)  Church  . As a clergyman and news editor, Tucker played a pivotal role in the lives of African-Americans as the Jim Crow Era became a reality. Throughout his career as a religious leader, Tucker integrated the importance of social and political power with fighting racial inequality.   Early Life and Education Tanner was born on December 25, 1835 in Pittsburgh to Hugh and Isabella Tanner. At the age of 17, Tanner became a student at Avery College. By 1856, Tanner had joined the AME Church and continued to further his education at Western Theological Seminary. While a seminary student, Tanner received his license to preach in the AME Church. While studying at Avery College, Tanner met and married Sarah Elizabeth Miller, a former slave who had escaped on the Underground Railroad. Through their union, the couple had four children, including Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, one of the first African-American women to become a physician in the United States and Henry Osawa Tanner, the most distinguished African-American artist of the 19th Century. In 1860, Tanner graduated from Western Theological Seminary with a pastoral certificate.   Within two years, he established an AME Church in Washington D.C. Benjamin Tucker Tanner: AME Minister and Bishop While serving as a minister, Tanner established the United States first school for freed African-Americans in the United States Navy Yard in Washington D.C. Several years later, he supervised freedmans schools in Frederick County, Maryland. During this time, he also published his first book, An Apology for African Methodism in 1867. Elected Secretary of the AME General Conference in 1868, Tanner was also named editor of Christian Recorder. The Christian Recorder soon became the largest circulating African-American newspapers in the United States. By 1878, Tanner received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Wilberforce College.   Soon after, Tanner published his book, Outline and Government of the AME Church and was appointed editor of the newly established AME newspaper, AME Church Review. In 1888, Tanner became a bishop of the AME Church. Death Tanner died on January 14, 1923 in Washington D.C.

The Roles of Science and Religion

The Roles of Science and Religion Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Science today is as much a natural product of history as any religious system.† The term ‘natural product of history’ is coined from the idea of beliefs, practices and objects being changed through time and inevitably, the process of creating these products, somehow or rather, tend to involve human activity. The effects and suggestions to the statement â€Å"Science today is as much a natural product of history as any religious system.†as related to the study of science and religion will be discussed further in this essay. The study of religion attempts to recognize the different aspects of religion through the use of intellectual disciplines. There are various reasons as to why a student chooses to study religion. Possible reasons could be the impact of religion upon global politics, the claim that religions convey truths by which human beings should live, to understand the influence of religion upon other disciplines of high historical values such as art and music, and could also be to find a religion in which to believe in. To be a good student of religion, one has to practice open-mindedness and learn to co-exist with another individual with a different religious belief. Putting own practices and assumptions aside, a good student of religion detaches himself from his own religion and is able to typify religions like how objects are typified. In short, the way to study religion is to be an outsider. In the study by Eileen Barker on Transcendental Meditation, or TM as it is widely known, Barker, an expert on new religious movements, took an approach as an outsider and discussed on the status of TM. Analyzing the practices and beliefs of TM compared to common religions such as Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam, Barker felt that TM is not a religion, but a religious movement. Of course, to provide such a definition or rather explanation as to whether a discipline is a religion or otherwise, careful analysis has to be made. To aid such analysis, students of religions made use of different methodologies in identifying a religion from another. A student could use definitions of religions in his analysis of a religion. There are two types of definitions which a scholar can use to distinguish the characteristics of religions – Functional and Substantive Definitions. While using substantive definition is found to be narrow, many scholars favor using functional definition. A functional definition concentrates not on what religion is but on what these beliefs and practices do for the individual or social group. One approach to functional definition would be using Ninian Smart’s 7-dimensional model of religion. Smart’s model is found to be flexible and is designed to be specific. It studies religion from an objective point of view. However, in any study models, there are sure to have weaknesses. Therefore, it is essential for a scholar to be practical and explicit in their search for evidence. A dimensional model of religion, on its own, is probably insufficient. A better approach to define religions would then be using both functional and substantive definitions and models in combination. The history of man has shown the constant influences of religion, and so the study of religion, involving the effort to recognize its significance, its origins, and its countless forms, has become progressively more important in this modern time. Scientific discoveries and systems began to challenge religious beliefs. Known scientists like Galileo and Newton all played considerable roles in challenging the standard views at their time. While science is based on observation, religion makes point of view analytical in nature and requires some unquestioned faith. In spite of leading human through somewhat different course, both try to uncover the basic. Thus, the goal, in both cases, is to establish the elements of what shape the reality. Science is always based on evidence, trial-and-error, about observation and investigations, while religion is neither. Science is governed by natural laws and understandable in mathematical and physical terms. Many people trust the information science offers rather than religion because the facts that science offers seem to be more trustworthy. No matter how true these facts are, one still has to go back to the initial point before making any judgements. Let us now return to the underlying principles that govern the study of science and religion. The two principles, namely naturalism and symmetry are highly observed by historians of science. In the case study of Christian dogma in Baur and the Tubingen School, the approach to the analysis is considered symmetrical. This refers to the knowledge and claims on all sides that is explained symmetrically, without respect to who was or is now though to be right or wrong. On the other hand, the approach to naturalism is to treat religious or scientific ideas with natural explanations rather than supernatural. An example would be the products of ordinary historical causes and effects. This is more likely to be used by outsiders of religions. Just as the study of religion has their method to help students understand its process and history, Science historians too adopt their own methodologies. The two-track method and contextualist method both have their own strengths. Whichever methods one choose to use, the important things to ensure are there should not be any personal involvements in beliefs and one has to objective in his/her understanding the boundaries between science and religion. Both science and religion have parts to play in the creation of the universe but they just convey themselves in different forms. Neither science nor religion is an infallible method to move towards the nature of reality but when working together they can provide both a question and an answer, just in different ways. 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